PROFINET 是 PROFIBUS 國際 (PI) 工業(yè)以太網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),旨在通過基于以太網(wǎng)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施進(jìn)行自動化控制通信。
PROFINET 設(shè)備可能需要不同的通信速度,具體取決于自動化過程的類型。PROFINET 協(xié)議支持三種通信等級,每一種都具有不同程度的時(shí)間敏感性。這些是非實(shí)時(shí) (NRT)、實(shí)時(shí) (RT) 和同步實(shí)時(shí) (IRT) 通信。
- NRT,有時(shí)也稱為 TCP/IP 通信,是一種非循環(huán)流量,例如以盡力而為的速度傳輸?shù)膫鞲?、診斷或維護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)。
- RT 通信是由通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施傳輸?shù)母咝阅苓^程數(shù)據(jù)組成的循環(huán)流量。本文主要關(guān)注RT通信應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵方面。
- IRT 通信是 PROFINET 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中性能高的確定性流量類型。但是,這需要基于硬件的帶寬預(yù)留和時(shí)鐘同步才能發(fā)揮作用。
PROFINET RT 和 IRT 通信類別涉及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以太網(wǎng)上的循環(huán)數(shù)據(jù)交換,并且直接在第 2 層上進(jìn)行,無需任何 TCP/IP 開銷,以大限度地減少延遲。這意味著在 RT/IRT PROFINET 環(huán)境中,數(shù)據(jù)幀是根據(jù)設(shè)備的 MAC 地址轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的。因此,為支持 RT 或 IRT PROFINET 應(yīng)用程序而部署的任何底層網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施對于所有連接的 PROFINET 設(shè)備都是完全第 2 層透明的,這一點(diǎn)至關(guān)重要。
基于 PROFINET 的通信的性能受限于底層網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的性能上限。為了提供在不同網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施組件上可靠運(yùn)行的靈活性,可以自定義 PROFINET RT 通信的循環(huán)數(shù)據(jù)交換率,以適應(yīng)任何基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施限制或適應(yīng)自動化環(huán)境。
在使用 Siemens TIA Portal 的示例中,IO 周期 > 更新時(shí)間參數(shù)定義了 PROFINET IO 控制器和 IO 設(shè)備之間的通訊更新間隔。IO 周期 > 看門狗時(shí)間參數(shù)指定在報(bào)告鏈接故障之前連續(xù)響應(yīng)失敗的次數(shù),這取決于流程設(shè)計(jì),通常會觸發(fā)錯(cuò)誤處理或安全模式,從而停止自動化流程。
PROFINET (PN) 通信也可以通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 IEEE 802.11 無線連接來實(shí)現(xiàn)。雖然某些 PROFINET IO (PNIO) 設(shè)備具有內(nèi)置的無線客戶端功能,但大多數(shù) PNIO 僅支持以太網(wǎng)接口。在這些情況下,系統(tǒng)集成商需要將 PNIO 連接到充當(dāng)無線適配器的無線客戶端設(shè)備,以便與 PN 控制器進(jìn)行通信。
盡管隨著 IEEE 802.11 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的每次新迭代,無線技術(shù)隨著時(shí)間的推移而有所改進(jìn),但重要的是要注意,與完全有線的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施相比,設(shè)計(jì)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)本質(zhì)上更加復(fù)雜。
為了設(shè)計(jì)和部署正確的無線解決方案來支持 PROFINET 通信,需要考慮無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵方面。其中包括 L2 透明度限制、更高延遲和射頻 (RF) 管理,以配置無線環(huán)境以獲得佳性能。
以下部分介紹了集成商在為基于 PROFINET 的應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì) IEEE 802.11 工業(yè)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)需要考慮的注意事項(xiàng)和挑戰(zhàn)。當(dāng)今工業(yè)自動化和控制系統(tǒng)中觀察到的典型無線集成場景依賴于外部無線設(shè)備作為 PROFINET IO 的無線適配器。
在設(shè)計(jì)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)系統(tǒng)地評估這些區(qū)域非常重要,尤其是在用于基于 PROFINET 的關(guān)鍵控制和自動化過程時(shí)。本文檔的以下部分將概述幾個(gè)典型的無線部署場景,每個(gè)無線設(shè)計(jì)考慮如何與不同的場景相關(guān),以及 Moxa 解決每個(gè)場景帶來的挑戰(zhàn)的解決方案。
WLAN 基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)概述
在評估潛在的 WLAN 解決方案之前,建議先徹底審查并確定應(yīng)用程序的要求。由于不同的 PROFINET 應(yīng)用程序需要不同類型的架構(gòu),因此需要考慮的一些變量是:
- 要集成的 PNIO 設(shè)備的數(shù)量。
- 無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的規(guī)模(要部署的無線設(shè)備的數(shù)量)。
- 設(shè)備移動性要求。
- 需要連接獨(dú)立的 Wi-Fi 客戶端,例如人員智能手機(jī)、平板電腦和筆記本電腦。
工業(yè)領(lǐng)域普遍采用的不同類型的無線部署(例如點(diǎn)對點(diǎn) (P2P) 和點(diǎn)對多點(diǎn) (P2MP) 拓?fù)洌┻m合兩種主要配置之一:AP/客戶端或網(wǎng)橋配置。
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PROFINET (PN) communication can also be realized over a standard IEEE 802.11 wireless connection. While some PROFINET IO (PNIO) devices have built-in wireless client capabilities, the majority of PNIOs only support Ethernet interfaces. In those cases, system integrators will need to connect the PNIO to a wireless client device that acts as a wireless adapter to communicate with the PN controller.
Even though wireless technology has improved over time with every new iteration of the IEEE 802.11 standard, it is important to note that designing a wireless network is inherently more complex compared to fully wired infrastructure.
In order to design and deploy the right wireless solutions to support PROFINET communication, several key aspects of wireless networking need to be taken into consideration. These include L2 transparency limitations, higher latency, and radio frequency (RF) management to configure the wireless environment for optimal performance.
The following section describes the considerations and challenges integrators need to take into account when designing IEEE 802.11 industrial wireless networks for PROFINET-based applications. Typical wireless integration scenarios observed in industrial automation and control systems today rely on external wireless devices to serve as the PROFINET IO’s wireless adapter.
It is important to evaluate these areas systematically when designing wireless networks, in particular when used for critical PROFINET-based control and automation processes. The following sections of this document will outline several typical wireless deployment scenarios, how each of the wireless design considerations relate to different scenarios, and Moxa’s solution to address the challenges presented by each scenario.
WLAN infrastructure overview
Before evaluating potential WLAN solutions, it is recommended to thoroughly review and map out the requirements of the application first. Since different PROFINET applications require different types of architecture, some variables to consider are:
- The number of PNIO devices to integrate.
- The scale of the wireless network (the number of wireless devices to deploy).
- Device mobility requirements.
- The need to connect standalone Wi-Fi clients such as personnel smart phones, tablets, and laptops.
Different types of wireless deployments such as Point-to-point (P2P) and Point-to-multipoint (P2MP) topologies commonly adopted in the industrial sector fit into one of two main configurations: AP/Client or Bridge configurations.